Will the Internet Make the World Closer Argumentetive Essay

Will the Internet Make the World Closer Argumentetive Essay Saleh Alansari [email  protected] com Sunday,Oct 28 , 2012 One press of a button on your laptop can show you another world. Internet makes many of changes at several of scopes, such as obtainig credible sourses and developing huge range of commissinons (Wellman, 2002). For example, the high commission of developing the transportation, education, tourism, and presenting the civilization from country to another country (Wellman, 2002).Nowadays, the internet is already a part of our society (Wellman, 2002). In the 1970s, an international network of networks had been created and then computers, telephone lines, and radio networks had finally started working (Poole, & Schuyler, & Senft, 1999). After these developments, would human’s life be completely transformed? Even though there are different levels of technology around the world, Wellman mentions the levels do not matter about the Internet’s impact on both soc ieties and individuals today (Wellman, 2002).The Internet will make the world closer in business, communication and education. First of all, there are many ways that will improve business by Internet and the technology. Internet can lead businessman or businesswomen to communicate with their workers easily. As well as it can help people to find a great business. Internet in these days is very important for many people, notably businessman or businesswoman. However, that is significant for a lot of other, such as people who do not have enough money to travel to find new businesses and featured for many of them.What has the Internet developed in our business? Is not too hard to answer this question if we look at the development of ordering, accounting, selling, advertising, and managing (Michal, 1997). Businessman or businesswomen can easily see themselves only as consumers whose participation is limited to purchasing decision that together add up to a market force pushing one way or another to develop their business (Zittrain, 2008). In short, the Internet has encouraged people to develop their businesses in easy way.Second, people who usually using the Internet are more likely to use the Internet in a variety of social activities and to communicate with friends and family members (Wellman, 2002). The presence of the Internet is important in many things, such as access to resources, social interaction, and communication to local community and outside community (Wellman, 2002). People these days are traveling and mostly of people are studying outside of their own countries in order to achieving at least one of their dreams. At the same time, they always like to have a connection with their friends and families.They are lucky because they are in the era of globalization, developed Internet and the evolution in this world of technology day by day. Now, everyday we hear about a new device of specializing in telecommunications, such as iPhones, Galaxy, etc and it is clearly connected to the Internet server. Most people who use the internet say that the Internet has increase their communication between family members and friends as well as it has a unique quality as a communication channel and the ability to easily connect with others who has similar interest, values, and beliefs. (John, & Katelyn, & McKenna, 2004).Third, there are many reasons that help to say online education is great in someway, such as accessible 24 hours and student-centered teaching. The Internet leads students to study whenever and wherever they want (Online Education Database, 2012). For example, they can travel for their pleasures or businesses and they do not need to focus on their fixed schedules like they should attend their classes on time. Student-centered teaching means everyone has his or her own way to study (Alan, 2009). For instance, some people are more likely to learn online and everyone has his or her owns reasons.Moreover, children can no longer lie to th eir parents about their home works and grades because their schools post those in their web pages and the parents are able to figure out those through the Internet (Michal, 1997). Many students find that they have learned about each other by the Internet also they can reach each other by, emailing and chatting (Wellman, 2002). Students now have great opportunities to study easier more than students before but students in future will have more opportunities to study more easily. Some people might say that the Internet will not make the world closer.It is not closely with each other. For example, when they speak to each other on Skype or chat on Facebook they are not close enough to each other. Also, It might have high possible to increase social and psychological problems (Kimberly, 1999). As well as the Internet can affect decline of ethical people. It is showing many negative subjects. For example, porno websites, which are showing naked bodies, are becoming normal to see by many p eople (Muhammad, 1999). Of course misinformation is developed a lot on Internet (Anne, 2002). Therefore, some people use the Internet as a force to falsify many topics.For example, some websites are present that shows false information about religions, culture and medicine (Anne, 2002). Using Internet incorrectly causes some disadvantages to people such as losing time or having social and psychological problems (Kimberly, 1999). Spending a huge time by using Internet means exactly people waste their time. For instance, many people are using their much time for watching YouTube and looking at Facebook constantly (CNN, 2009) Lots of people especially in Canada check their Facebook every hour (Education, 2009).Also, Internet can cause people to have social serious issues. For example, many people around the world get isolation by people who can use Internet a lot and the isolated people eventually lose their social abilities. For example, they spend much time connecting with each other by texting instead of connecting face to face. Therefore, isolation might cause a psychological problem like depression. However, it is not close to each other but at least they have a way to talk freely and with out pay any money.People should control and solve these problems especially for our new upcoming generations. Also, people who writing false information on the Internet about culture and religious need to solve their problems because that means the exactly meaning of psychological problems (Anne, 2002). Isolation problems are not coming from the Internet only. Many people have those problems with out any effect of Internet. The development of business, education, communication, and civilization are explaining the huge of range benefits we got of the Internet.People spend too much time on the Internet should reschedule their times to avoid social and psychological problems (Kimberly, 1999). To sum up, the Internet had improved our lives in businesses, communication with oth ers, and education. Nowadays, we live with huge growth of technology and anything people want can get it easily by Internet. When we think about how much has the Internet changed in our society, we can look closely at the development for lots of things, such as business, education, communication, civilization, and commission.This shows that the Internet helps to develop our globalization more and more. Also, it explains how the Internet can be one of the biggest helpful services we have in our civilizations. Internet is a helpful and powerful force for doing our work but it can be detrimental, such as a decrease of ethics, an increase of misinformation and sometimes a waste of time. The Internet might be caused some problems, such as social, psychological, and isolation. However, to avoid those problems people should reschedule their times and think about it more seriously before their problems evolve. ReferencesAlan. Pritchard. (2009). Ways of Learning. From http://books. google. c a/books? hl=en&lr=&id=PD2YE3FOpXEC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=ways%5C+of+learning+&ots=wHs90mPIeG&sig=1sy3LdTKT9wulVFRxkazqExPoY0 Anne P. Mintz. (2002). Web of Deception: Misinformation on the Internet. Fromhttp://books. google. ca/books? hl=en&lr=&id=uS3p9iDooc8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR13&dq=misinformation+is+developed+a+lot+on+Internet. +&ots=tFqFhq60LF&sig=KP4TYnTMtaw9lvTr9G9GCIWiwc8#v=onepage&q=misinformation%20is%20developed%20a%20lot%20on%20Internet. &f=false CNN.Five Clues That you are Addicted to Facebook. Relative April 23, 2009 http://www. cnn. com/2009/HEALTH/04/23/ep. facebook. addict/#cnnSTCVideo Dr. Kimberly S. Young. (1999). Internet Addiction Symptoms, Evaluation, And Treatment. From http://www. netaddiction. com/articles/symptoms. pdf Education. (Nov 1, 2009). Addicted to Facebook?!. From http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=a7MorwJIPCE Hilary Poole, Tami Schuyler, and Theresa M, Senft. (1999). History of the Internet. ABC-CLIO. United States of America. John, A, Bargh & Katelyn, Y, & McKe nna, A. (2004). The Internet and Social Life.From http://www. yale. edu/acmelab/articles/Internet_and_Social_Life. pdf Michal L, Dertouzos, (1997), What Will Be, HarperEdge, United States of America. Muhammad, Hozien. (1999). Pornography and Ethics. William Paterson University. From http://www. muslimphilosophy. com/mih/ethics/e5. htm Online Education Database. Tuesday 10th January 2012. 10 Advantages to Taking Online Classes. From http://oedb. org/library/distance-vs-local/10-advantages-to-taking-online-classes Wellman, B, & Haythornthwaite, C. (2002). The Internet in Everyday Life. Blackwell Publishing. United Kingdom. Will the Internet Make the World Closer Argumentetive Essay Will the Internet Make the World Closer Argumentetive Essay Saleh Alansari [email  protected] com Sunday,Oct 28 , 2012 One press of a button on your laptop can show you another world. Internet makes many of changes at several of scopes, such as obtainig credible sourses and developing huge range of commissinons (Wellman, 2002). For example, the high commission of developing the transportation, education, tourism, and presenting the civilization from country to another country (Wellman, 2002).Nowadays, the internet is already a part of our society (Wellman, 2002). In the 1970s, an international network of networks had been created and then computers, telephone lines, and radio networks had finally started working (Poole, & Schuyler, & Senft, 1999). After these developments, would human’s life be completely transformed? Even though there are different levels of technology around the world, Wellman mentions the levels do not matter about the Internet’s impact on both soc ieties and individuals today (Wellman, 2002).The Internet will make the world closer in business, communication and education. First of all, there are many ways that will improve business by Internet and the technology. Internet can lead businessman or businesswomen to communicate with their workers easily. As well as it can help people to find a great business. Internet in these days is very important for many people, notably businessman or businesswoman. However, that is significant for a lot of other, such as people who do not have enough money to travel to find new businesses and featured for many of them.What has the Internet developed in our business? Is not too hard to answer this question if we look at the development of ordering, accounting, selling, advertising, and managing (Michal, 1997). Businessman or businesswomen can easily see themselves only as consumers whose participation is limited to purchasing decision that together add up to a market force pushing one way or another to develop their business (Zittrain, 2008). In short, the Internet has encouraged people to develop their businesses in easy way.Second, people who usually using the Internet are more likely to use the Internet in a variety of social activities and to communicate with friends and family members (Wellman, 2002). The presence of the Internet is important in many things, such as access to resources, social interaction, and communication to local community and outside community (Wellman, 2002). People these days are traveling and mostly of people are studying outside of their own countries in order to achieving at least one of their dreams. At the same time, they always like to have a connection with their friends and families.They are lucky because they are in the era of globalization, developed Internet and the evolution in this world of technology day by day. Now, everyday we hear about a new device of specializing in telecommunications, such as iPhones, Galaxy, etc and it is clearly connected to the Internet server. Most people who use the internet say that the Internet has increase their communication between family members and friends as well as it has a unique quality as a communication channel and the ability to easily connect with others who has similar interest, values, and beliefs. (John, & Katelyn, & McKenna, 2004).Third, there are many reasons that help to say online education is great in someway, such as accessible 24 hours and student-centered teaching. The Internet leads students to study whenever and wherever they want (Online Education Database, 2012). For example, they can travel for their pleasures or businesses and they do not need to focus on their fixed schedules like they should attend their classes on time. Student-centered teaching means everyone has his or her own way to study (Alan, 2009). For instance, some people are more likely to learn online and everyone has his or her owns reasons.Moreover, children can no longer lie to th eir parents about their home works and grades because their schools post those in their web pages and the parents are able to figure out those through the Internet (Michal, 1997). Many students find that they have learned about each other by the Internet also they can reach each other by, emailing and chatting (Wellman, 2002). Students now have great opportunities to study easier more than students before but students in future will have more opportunities to study more easily. Some people might say that the Internet will not make the world closer.It is not closely with each other. For example, when they speak to each other on Skype or chat on Facebook they are not close enough to each other. Also, It might have high possible to increase social and psychological problems (Kimberly, 1999). As well as the Internet can affect decline of ethical people. It is showing many negative subjects. For example, porno websites, which are showing naked bodies, are becoming normal to see by many p eople (Muhammad, 1999). Of course misinformation is developed a lot on Internet (Anne, 2002). Therefore, some people use the Internet as a force to falsify many topics.For example, some websites are present that shows false information about religions, culture and medicine (Anne, 2002). Using Internet incorrectly causes some disadvantages to people such as losing time or having social and psychological problems (Kimberly, 1999). Spending a huge time by using Internet means exactly people waste their time. For instance, many people are using their much time for watching YouTube and looking at Facebook constantly (CNN, 2009) Lots of people especially in Canada check their Facebook every hour (Education, 2009).Also, Internet can cause people to have social serious issues. For example, many people around the world get isolation by people who can use Internet a lot and the isolated people eventually lose their social abilities. For example, they spend much time connecting with each other by texting instead of connecting face to face. Therefore, isolation might cause a psychological problem like depression. However, it is not close to each other but at least they have a way to talk freely and with out pay any money.People should control and solve these problems especially for our new upcoming generations. Also, people who writing false information on the Internet about culture and religious need to solve their problems because that means the exactly meaning of psychological problems (Anne, 2002). Isolation problems are not coming from the Internet only. Many people have those problems with out any effect of Internet. The development of business, education, communication, and civilization are explaining the huge of range benefits we got of the Internet.People spend too much time on the Internet should reschedule their times to avoid social and psychological problems (Kimberly, 1999). To sum up, the Internet had improved our lives in businesses, communication with oth ers, and education. Nowadays, we live with huge growth of technology and anything people want can get it easily by Internet. When we think about how much has the Internet changed in our society, we can look closely at the development for lots of things, such as business, education, communication, civilization, and commission.This shows that the Internet helps to develop our globalization more and more. Also, it explains how the Internet can be one of the biggest helpful services we have in our civilizations. Internet is a helpful and powerful force for doing our work but it can be detrimental, such as a decrease of ethics, an increase of misinformation and sometimes a waste of time. The Internet might be caused some problems, such as social, psychological, and isolation. However, to avoid those problems people should reschedule their times and think about it more seriously before their problems evolve. ReferencesAlan. Pritchard. (2009). Ways of Learning. From http://books. google. c a/books? hl=en&lr=&id=PD2YE3FOpXEC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=ways%5C+of+learning+&ots=wHs90mPIeG&sig=1sy3LdTKT9wulVFRxkazqExPoY0 Anne P. Mintz. (2002). Web of Deception: Misinformation on the Internet. Fromhttp://books. google. ca/books? hl=en&lr=&id=uS3p9iDooc8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR13&dq=misinformation+is+developed+a+lot+on+Internet. +&ots=tFqFhq60LF&sig=KP4TYnTMtaw9lvTr9G9GCIWiwc8#v=onepage&q=misinformation%20is%20developed%20a%20lot%20on%20Internet. &f=false CNN.Five Clues That you are Addicted to Facebook. Relative April 23, 2009 http://www. cnn. com/2009/HEALTH/04/23/ep. facebook. addict/#cnnSTCVideo Dr. Kimberly S. Young. (1999). Internet Addiction Symptoms, Evaluation, And Treatment. From http://www. netaddiction. com/articles/symptoms. pdf Education. (Nov 1, 2009). Addicted to Facebook?!. From http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=a7MorwJIPCE Hilary Poole, Tami Schuyler, and Theresa M, Senft. (1999). History of the Internet. ABC-CLIO. United States of America. John, A, Bargh & Katelyn, Y, & McKe nna, A. (2004). The Internet and Social Life.From http://www. yale. edu/acmelab/articles/Internet_and_Social_Life. pdf Michal L, Dertouzos, (1997), What Will Be, HarperEdge, United States of America. Muhammad, Hozien. (1999). Pornography and Ethics. William Paterson University. From http://www. muslimphilosophy. com/mih/ethics/e5. htm Online Education Database. Tuesday 10th January 2012. 10 Advantages to Taking Online Classes. From http://oedb. org/library/distance-vs-local/10-advantages-to-taking-online-classes Wellman, B, & Haythornthwaite, C. (2002). The Internet in Everyday Life. Blackwell Publishing. United Kingdom.

Humanism: Link between Religion and Science Essay

Humanism is probably the greatest contribution of the Renaissance period which changed not just the political and religious climate of the era but also started the scientific explorations that lead to the advancements in science we enjoy today. The American Humanist Association defines humanism as â€Å"a progressive philosophy of life that, without theism and other supernatural beliefs, affirms our ability and responsibility to lead ethical lives of personal fulfillment that aspire to the greater good of humanity. Humanism is said to have paved the way to the ideological, political and religious explorations during the Renaissance and Reformation periods that eventually gave birth to Scientific Revolution. To better appreciate the role of humanism in the advancement of science, we need to look at the events surrounding the Renaissance period. Renaissance, which refers to the period 1400 to 1650, is between medieval Christian era and Scientific Revolution. It is a period between religious domination and enlightened exploration. According to Kreis in his lecture on Renaissance Humanism, it is a period between â€Å"faith and reason. In medieval Christian civilization, only one church existed- the Roman Catholic Church. The Pope, who is the head of the church, governs everyone. People rely on God and prefabricated doctrines for every decision. Everyone is demanded to obey and believe. In the society, individuals are subordinate to the majority. Collective thoughts and decisions reign over individual preferences. Laws and customs regulate everything that happens in the land. People have no individual rights. Questioning authorities is not permissible. People are not allowed to think for themselves and explore their potentials. Renaissance period gave birth to humanism. According to Kreis in Renaissance Humanism, humanism promoted â€Å"independence of medieval tradition. † It shattered every fabric of the medieval influence. It brought people from blind obedience to progressive thinking. Humanism reformed the mind of people. It gave individuals a new way of looking at themselves and the world. It promoted self worth and confidence to the individual. It encouraged people to think for themselves, explore new ideas, learn new things and express their thoughts. It gave people the opportunity to view themselves apart from the church and society. This freedom bred doubts about the old system. People started challenging the norms and laws of society that held them captive. They started to question the authority and teachings of the church. Niccolo Machiavelli, one of the thinkers of Renaissance wrote â€Å"God is not willing to do everything, and thus take away our free will and that share of glory which belongs to us† (p. 95). This is a humanist statement challenging God and his authority. Machiavelli mentioned â€Å"free will† which is opposed to the collective decision and religious obedience of medieval Christians. Furthermore, he also referred to the â€Å"glory which belong to us† encouraging people to recognize their worth instead of subjecting themselves to the dictates of society. The freedom to challenge norms and explore new things started by the humanists instigated the Protestant Reformation that divided the Roman Catholic Church. Furthermore, it also led to interests not only in personal development, politics and religion but also in the natural world. People started to notice their environment and find new things. This new-found curiosity about nature set up the Scientific Revolution.

Diwali Is the Festival Closet to My Heart Essay

Diwali is the festival closest to my heart. It embraces all religions and it not only illuminates houses but also lives. This year was no different with my entire city karnal getting adorned over the last weekend to glowing LEDs while candles played a minor role in some houses. A significant and traditional part of this festival is crackers. They have only evolved over the years and presently you’ll be spoilt for choice shopping for them. However some enlightened minds have planted the seed of a polemic whether these crackers should be banned or not. India is witnessing a sorry state. In this country celebrities run over pedestrians and walk free. Ironically they run NGOs to assist the needy! A parallel can be drawn to politicians, bureaucrats and every member of the society. It is thus not surprising to find people squandering money all round the year but raising moral issues when it comes to bursting crackers. Some benevolent ones choose to abstain from them and do charity instead. What fails to pervade them is that these crackers are manufactured by dirt poor people who look forward to this festival all through the year for their livelihood. Why not do charity by purchasing their products? Another matter of grave concern is environmental pollution. Despite laws being enforced sound pollution hasn’t been curbed and the state police remain a mute spectator. The air pollution too is on a mammoth scale. But for a state topping the charts on the air pollution barometer, another drop in the ocean shouldn’t matter much. Diwali is the festival of lights and crackers constitute its focal point. The onus is upon us to celebrate responsibly by staying within the decibel limit. Otherwise we can keep these debates aside for one day and indulge in the ultimate aesthetic and entertaining aspect of this festival – crackers!

Anthropology, psychology, history, sociology, education, political Research Paper

Anthropology, psychology, history, sociology, education, political science, gender studies, economics, legal studies - Research Paper Example The word slum connotes an area where no ethnic community dominates. Poverty levels are high in slums, barrios and ghettos. It should be noted that not all African- American and Hispanic neighborhoods are poor. Discussions of underclass associate the residents of those inner cities with certain types of behaviors and attitudes. Excessive focus on poorest inner cities can redirect attention from the broader structural aspect of poverty. As a result they may fail to see the important contributions to reducing poverty that straightforward measures like Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) can achieve. Painting a picture of obstinate poverty in inner cities can cause hopelessness among policy makers Most alarming social evils in the society, ranging from use and sale of illegal drug to violence, take place in the inner cities of America. Even though today poverty in the inner cities of America is still a major concern, most Americans do not talk about it. However, when asked about poverty directly, many people will admit that poverty, especially in inner cities of America, is still a major concern. Poverty is a complex phenomenon which is hard to define. It is also difficult to differentiate forms, causes and consequences of poverty. Further, many people do not agree why poverty is a problem in America. Neither do they agree on the causes or consequences. It is therefore difficult to agree on a solution. There are those people who believe the poor are responsible for their condition. Mostly, people who feel the poor are responsible for their circumstances are the middle and upper income earners. They believe the poor can change their circumstances by working hard. This class of Americans feel poor people should not receive welfare benefits from the government. The middle and upper class Americans are careful to avoid working, living or even driving through the inner cities. Inner cities

Transformation in the US Military Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transformation in the US Military - Essay Example Transformation of US military Introduction Since the 9/11 attacks, the US military has taken an active part in the political and global military activities for the US and for the international community. Inasmuch as it is considered one of the most powerful and advanced military units in the world, its vulnerabilities have been manifest in recent years. With the trends in globalization taking the spotlight, the need to introduce changes and to transform the military has been a growing concern. Efforts to transform the military have been seen in the past years and these efforts have had various effects in the way that the US military has implemented these changes. This paper shall now consider two of these efforts to transform the US military. One of these efforts is the effort to improve diversity and multiculturalism in the military. Another effort is on improvements in the coordination and cooperation with other countries in terms of military operations and issues of unrest. This a nalysis will compare and contrast these efforts and will identify two or three key factors that led to the perceived or actual need to transform, two of three key policies enacted to effect desired transformation, and the leading forces that shaped policies pursued in order to achieve the transformation. Discussion Efforts to increase diversity and multiculturalism in the US military have been implemented by the government.... This segregation created different issues, including racial confrontations within the military between 1942 and 1945 (Canaday, 2001). Despite passage of policies against segregation after WWII, this practice was still seen during the Korean War; however gradual integration was seen towards the end of the Korean War. Through this practice, the US army saw that combat effectiveness became more effective when racial integration was applied. The Secretary of War in 1963 set forth command responsibility for civil rights issues and in order to address racial tension, the military conceptualized the Defense Race Relations Institute (Canaday, 2001). This institute performed educational, training, and research functions. This institute was renamed Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute and it broadened the readiness of military readiness in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, and religion (Canaday, 2001). Colin Powell’s rise as the premier first African-American Secretary of Stat e and his rise to his current status is a testament to effective solid efforts towards diversity within the military. A major factor affecting transformation of the US military in terms of diversity is the fact that the US military has made an effort towards integrating racial, ethnic, religious, and national groups into the military practice (Canaday, 2001). Many leaders recognized the fact that with more contact between whites and blacks, the better it was for racial integration. Moreover, the military has â€Å"a bureaucratic ethos and formality†¦that mitigated tensions arising from individual or personal feelings† (Canaday, 2001). The military was also able to hold the commanders responsible for equal

Emerging Markets Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Emerging Markets Finance - Essay Example It is only recently tht ttempts hve been mde, s in Ghosh nd Ghosh (2002) nd Mulder et l. (2002), to incorporte institutions more systemticlly into erly-wrning systems. But this hs just strted nd systemtic wy in which to model the crisis-relevnt institutionl setting hs not yet been found. Erly-wrning models focussing solely on CEECs hve completely neglected institutionl fctors. Generlly, empiricl studies on CEECs re scrce, despite the specil importnce of detecting vulnerbilities not only in the run-up to the CEECs' membership of the EU, but especilly lter on during ERM II prticiption. This pper discusses the importnce of infltion nd currency stbility s the wy of the economy development of emerging countries. The pper is structured s follows. First, look is tken t the theoreticl pproches dopted to explin currency crises nd the importnce of infltion nd currency stbility on the development of emerging economies. This prt prticulrly seeks to show the chnnels through which institutions cn influence country's vulnerbility to currency crises. In the second section, n econometric logit model is used to exmine the extent to which institutionl fctors cn serve s erly-wrning indictors for currency crises in Estern Europe. Recent yers hve witnessed d... Such low levels of infltion hve not been seen since before World Wr II, when, mostly tinder the discipline of the gold stndrd system of fixed exchnge rtes, prices were roughly stble nd episodes of defltion were not uncommon. The recent decline of infltion in emerging mrkets looks ll the more impressive ginst the bckground of the 11970s nd 1980s. Infltion begn to rise grdully in the 1950s, but it ccelerted drmticlly in the 1970s nd erly 1980s, culminting in severl episodes of triple-digit nnul infltion nd four mjor hyperinfltions in the lte 1980s/erly 1990s. From tht point on, disinfltion ws steep. This rise nd fll of infltion in emerging mrkets ppers to reflect in prt chnges in the interntionl monetry system nd infltion trends in dvnced countries. One notble feture of the post-World Wr II period ws n increse in infltion persistence compred with erlier historicl ers, when infltion ws either generlized nd grdul (e.g., following the gold discoveries of the fifteenth through the nineteenth century), or rpid nd specific, reflecting exceptionl fiscl strins (s during or immeditely fter wrs). This grdul increse in the persistence of infltion, combined with the brekup of the Bretton Woods interntionl system of commodity-bsed money nd the ssocited removl of externl constrints on ccommodtive monetry policies, mde it possible for the supply shocks of the 1970s to push world infltion to unprecedented pecetime levels, producing the "Gret Infltion" of the 1970s nd erly 1980s. To the extent tht emerging mrkets imported this infltion, loosened fiscl policies, nd lso dopted incresingly ccommodt ive monetry policies during the period, these externl trends were

Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance - Research Paper Example 1. Distribution analysis American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) has got outlets in USA as well as in Canada. All total there are more than 900 stores in and around USA and Canada. There are more than 150 stand alone stores in USA. The compnay has presence in more than 76 different international countries. AEO produces its own products and also sells them under the same brand name. Although the products itself may have different brand name but it comes from the same fashion house. The supply chain of AEO is a two level process only. Thus, the number of intermeidaries are comparatively low. The raw matrials are sourced from 15 different suppliers and the 5 different manufacturers produce the final products. The products are shipped to the warehouses (Bethel 24). They remain in the warehouse till new order for delivery are received. The products are then shifted to the distribution centre and from the distribution centre to the airports and ports. Most of the time the products are shifted thro ugh the ports. This is because of the reason that the waterway offers the most efficient and cost effective way to transport the goods. Once the goods reach the ports, then the goods are trasported from the ports to the distribution centre (Alchain 780). The manufacturing centres are present in Pittsburgh, in USA. The goods are sent using both railway and roadway. The outlets are spread all across the States. As mentioned there are about 150 stand alone shops. The stand alone shops deal with American Eagle Outfitters products only (Betty 602). These outlets have large holding capacity of apparel products. So the products are stored on season basis. The small shops or the multi brand shops are supplied with products on a monthly basis. The stand alone shops sometime also act distribution centres for the smaller outlets or the multi brand shops. Fig 1: Distribution system Source: (Betty 607) The following diagram gives a schematic view of the supply and distribution system of AEO. The orders are processed and then sorted in order of the importance and delivery date. Then the inventory is assesed to find out how much additional orders need to be put with the manufacturers to suffice the demands (Modigliani 262). The products are then packed and kept ready to be shifted to the distribution centres in case of inland distribution (Boyd 20). If overseas distribution is involved then the products get shifted directly from the warehouses to the airports and the ports, for airlifting and transportation through waterways. Fig 2: Value chain Source: (Boyd 24) 2. Market analysis USA has one of the largest apparel market in the world. USA alone constitutes 28% of the total global market. The market value of the USA apparel is USD 331 B. The apparel industry employes about 105, 457 people on an average basis. Although the percentage share of people employed by the USA apparel market is quite small in comparison to the rest of the world (Boyd 30). This is because of the reaso n that the the percentage share denoted by USA in terms of employment size is significantly small in comparison to the huge percentage share (28%) in terms of market value. The market share is analysed by denoting the total value of all the apparels sold in each quarter as well as by

Enviromental Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enviromental - Assignment Example Mass of Ozone in troposphere = 2.28Ãâ€"1013g. Similarly, it means 3 ppm = 3 volumes of Ozone gas/106 volumes of air. Ppmv of Ozone in stratosphere = (ppm/MW) Ãâ€" 22.4. Therefore, ppmv = (3/48) Ãâ€" 22.4 = 1.4ppmv. This means that 1 million volumes of air have 1.4 volumes of Ozone by mass. 1 million volumes of air in stratosphere represent 2.5Ãâ€"1020 g of air. What about 1.4 ppmv of Ozone? Mass of Ozone = (1.4Ãâ€" 2.5Ãâ€"1020)/1Ãâ€"106. Mass of Ozone = 3.5Ãâ€"1014g. Partial pressure, Px = CxÃâ€"P where Px is partial pressure, Cx is the partial concentration of gas x and P is the entire pressure. N2O, MW of 44, has a concentration of 0.31ppm at ground level. Ne, MW of 20, has concentration of 18 ppm at 30km. Pressure of Ne with respect to the altitude of 30 km is given by Pa = 0.9877a, where a = altitude in 100’s of meters. Therefore, Pa = 0.9877300= 0.0244atm. Partial pressure of Ne = 18ppmÃâ€"0.0244 = 0.44 atm. Partial pressure of N2O = 0.31Ãâ€"1 = 0.31 atm. Therefore, Ne has a greater partial pressure that N2O. 100% relative humidity represents 0.031atm H2O. On the other hand, liquid water is present at 100ug/m3. Assuming a temperature of 25oC, then we will convert ug/m3 into ppmv using the formula ppmv = (mg/m3 Ãâ€" oK)/ (0.08205 Ãâ€" MW). With respect to water vapor, ppmv = (0.1 mg/m3 Ãâ€" 298)/(0.08205 Ãâ€" 18). Ppmv = 20.18. Using PV = nRT, then moles of air in 1 mol of gaseous mixture = 1Ãâ€"106 / 6.023Ãâ€"1023 = 1.66Ãâ€"10-18. Converting moles into volume we get 4.06Ãâ€"10-14 cm3. Therefore, the urban atmosphere contains 20.18 molecules of liquid H2O /4.06Ãâ€"10-14 cm3 of air. On water vapor, 30% relative humidity represents (30 Ãâ€" 0.031)/ 100 = 0.0093 atm. In 1 atm, volume of gas = 24.45L, in 0.0093 atm, volume of vapor = (0.0093 Ãâ€" 24.45)/1 = 0.227L. Based on theory, 1 mol = 24.45L (Dr Richards 01). Therefore, 0.227L contains (0.227Ãâ€"1)/24.45 = 0.0093 molecules/L. In terms of cm3, the atmosphere has 9.3

Jacob's Creek in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jacob's Creek in Australia - Essay Example This resulted in many branches of its name, for instance, Jacob’s Creek Centenary Hill Shiraz in Barossa, Jacob’s Creek St Hugo Cabernet Sauvignon in Coonawarra, and Jacob’s Creek Steingarten in Eden Valley.   Jacob’s Creek is Australia’s most known creek and it is mainly in the United Kingdom and other many countries where Jacob’s Creek wine brand is sold. Some of the international drinkers imagine Jacob’s Creek is an entire region though it’s the biggest selling label and almost one million of wine glasses are drunk each day. It is only some kilometers long via the Barossa Range near its peak, Kaiser Stuhl and gurgling down the â€Å"river red gum lined† bed into North Para River. The creek is extremely dry during the vintage time in autumn though Jacob’s Creek name conjures Amazonian of Australian the â€Å"sunshine in a bottle†. Jacob’s Creek has advertising Strategies which mainly involve unique selling proposition, brand image, resonance, emotional, generic and pre-emptive. The unique selling proposition is a strategy which ensures your offering is unique and more valuable from your competitors’ offerings and putting your idea in the minds of target groups to reach customers. Positioning attracts customers by forming a unique and positive identity in the company and its offerings. Jacob’s creek thus utilizes positioning to distinguish its products from others. The world consists of products similar to that of Jacob’s creek but the company makes its products get into advertising overload all through to gain the customer’s attention.

Self-Disclosure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Self-Disclosure - Essay Example Sadness is expressed when one is in such condition as discouraged, gloomy depressed or downhearted. It is a difficult moment of every human being. Empathy is regarded when people have the ability and will for sensing people’s emotions that are accompanied by the capability to imagine what they think or feel (Spence, Fox, Golding & Daiches, 2012). It is expressed when one feel stressed when we detected another person’s fear or anxiety. Sympathy goes beyond one’s empathy since it is acknowledging another person’s emotional hardships and providing comfort and assurance. Personally has been a victim of grapevine information. This is due to the fact that all human beings are front of informal person to person means of circulating information or gossip. Handling rapine information is a real challenge but when handled in a proper way cannot lead to fighting. The best way I can handle is through dialogue and understanding the root cause of the information, eventually the situation is contained leaving both parties satisfied (Spence, Fox, Golding & Daiches, 2012). Good moral values guide me to control expressing my emotions to any other person except in the circumstance when in depression. I have spent some time without expressing my emotions. It was last during a session when I was given an opportunity to represent my institutions in competition and was ranked the best; it was a moment of great joy for my life. I felt like it was like a turning point my

Draft for Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Draft for Case Study - Essay Example This little story is much like the case we have before us today. The injury suffered by the Plaintiff is being attributed to an advice given by employees of the Defendant, although there in fact exists no logical connection between the two. The defendant, Bethlehem Ice Solutions, is a popular ski resort for a number of reasons – it has good ski slopes the avid skier enjoys, it has comfortable and well appointed facilities for its guests, and it has a good safety track record. Had it been otherwise, lovers of skiing would not have flocked to this place such as the April morning when the incident occurred. Let us summarize the facts so far established. On that morning, a guest at the resort by the name of Craig approached Bethlehem’s staff Dan and Abby and asked about â€Å"a slope that is open and suitable for the moderately skilled skier.† Dan and Abby pointed him to Willie’s Wander which was acknowledged by all as a â€Å"relatively easy run.† When he took that slope, Craig felt that he could not after all take it, and decided to walk down. Not only did he decide to walk down, but he also decided to â€Å"cut across to a neighboring slope† that he adjudged to be closer to the parking lot. It is in this slope that Craig encountered Alex, the plaintiff in this case, on the way down, which resulted in injury to Alex. These are the facts as they stand in the present case. Now, Alex has brought action against Bethlehem because he believes Bethlehem is responsible for his accident. In short, Alex says Bethlehem caused his injury, by sending Craig down the Willie’s Wander run. Specifically, Alex says Bethlehem was negligent in giving Craig the wrong advice that sent him down the slope on which he collided with Alex and therefore caused his injuries. But wait, am I getting this right? Was Alex on Willie’s Wander when he and Craig accidentally collided? The facts say NO, they collided on another, nearby run, the more dangerous run where

Witnesses Fear of Retribution by the Gangs Essay Example for Free

Witnesses Fear of Retribution by the Gangs Essay In America there are a lot of many gangs such as Pico Rivera and Pico Nuevo and many Americans have fallen victims of them. These gangs terrorize people and the police are very determined to control then but their efforts are hampered by one thing, and this is the fact that the witnesses to particular cases refuse to give their testimonies for fear of retribution by the gang members. My focus on this essay is to discuss on why witnesses fear to testify in courts and how this fear should be allayed. According to the deputy attorney general Gary Haearnsberger, out of 258 cases that were heard, over 170 of them were murder cases and witnesses refuse to testify for fear of reprisal by the gang. People feel free to explain to the police what they saw but when it comes to testify in the court they refuse. As per the West Covina detective Dan Nalian in his news report on gangs noted hat there are people who witness shooting scenes and even identify the culprits but when they are asked to be witnesses in court they object. This has even become like a norm in the United States of America that it is not the right thing to testify against any gang for fear that you shall be attacked in retaliation though others refuse to testify due to their criminal related records. A case in point is of 4th March 2005 where a four-man gang tricked a woman claiming that they were his boyfriend’s gang mates only to demand to be directed to them. After they reached where his boyfriend and his two friends were, fierce shooting ensued and a fifteen-year-old boy sustained head injuries while her boyfriend and his partner went unhurt. This woman clearly identified the four-gang members as the residents of Pico Rivera. According to her eye account, these gang members were: Joseph Aranda who was aged twenty years old and Fernando Aranda aged twenty years. She forwarded their names to the police department and promised that she would testify in court against them. But as time went by she could not fulfill the promise she made to the police officers that she would testify in court against them. After a period of three years later the woman refused to testify claiming she couldn’t remember exactly what happened on that fateful day or even remember who the men in a jeep were. Not that it was hard to remember what happened but she feared retribution by the gang. (Gonzalez R. 2008) According the Gary Hearnsberger, the Deputy District Attorney, all gang cases have one thing in common and this is that no one is willing to appear in a courtroom to testify of anything because they fear that the gang who would then seel reprisal would mark them. These gangs have their working code that disallows anybody from testifying against any gang group in court. As per this town code, even the gangsters are not allowed to talk with the police or have any relationship whatsoever. The gang members are very stubborn individuals who are ready to suffer rather than cooperate with the police. They would rather go to jail than reveal their secrets. Many people have been victims of witnesses in courts and these gangs have killed some of them. â€Å"Some gang members live up to this code even if it means going to prison. They see that as a badge of honor, Hearnsberger said. What is kind of funny about the gang culture, as much as they completely disregard rules and laws, they will live up to their own. † (Gonzalez R. 2008) As the president of the California Gang Investigators put it, people confide to the police on everything that they witnessed but when it comes to making a testimony against the gang members it becomes extremely hard. All people should wake up to the fact that gangs rarely attack law abiding citizens and this includes those who are willing to testify in courts on a particular case but this does not mean that they cannot be attacked. In accordance with the 6th amendment, the accused person is entitled to a speedy and public trial conducted by a jury in the place the cat was committed. The accused person must be told in no uncertain terms the reasons for the arrest and then be challenged by witnesses with their evidences or what they saw. The witnesses should be escorted by police officers in and out of the courtroom to prevent them from being attacked by the gangs, as this has been the case in the past. No body should be imprisoned if there is no enough evidence given by the witnesses and the defendant should also be allowed to call his/her witnesses and they should be compelled to testify if they refuse. If the accused persons are capable of representing themselves in court according to the 6th amendment, then they should be given that chance. The defendant is also given a chance to cross-examine the other witnesses who are against them so that the truth could be established. The witnesses from both sides should be protected to allay their fear of retribution. There is nothing that worries the witnesses more than to hear that their families would be attacked just because they tesfied in courts. According to Cmdr. Karpal, witnesses who refuse to testify in court even after they are provided with proper security they should be charged of court contempt like that woman who witnessed robbery and even identified the gang members but when the time for testifying came, she refused to turn up though she was assured of protection by the police. This woman when she was arrested gave an information that contradicted the information that was recorded when she reported the case by saying that she could not identify the gang members. It was later established that this woman was an accomplice of one of the members that were standing on Rex road and this is why one of the reason that was given by the police for witnesses’ failure to testify was that some of them have criminal records though to others it is fear of retribution. (Gonzalez R. 2008) Witnesses should also be fully convinced that they would be guaranteed security even if it means being relocated to another area. The Pasadena police is determined to ensure that witnesses are given the protection they deserve. The Pasadena police are also prepared to arrest those gang members who victimize and intimidate witnesses. If there arises a situation that the gang members are intimidating any witness, then the police would relocate the witness and protect them. For example, the woman who was tricked by the thugs was to be relocated after she reported that those thugs were threatening her. â€Å"Her car was vandalized, she was being stared down and having stuff thrown at her. † (Gonzalez R. 2008) If witnesses could be assured of maximum security, then the fight against gangs would be won, as the main stumbling block is that witnesses fear to testify for fear of reprisal by gang members though there are others who fear to testify because they have some criminal records. The police has come up with a new plan so that they could offer protection to all those that are willing to testify in courts. They also go for those gang members who intimidate witnesses from testifying against their case. Reference. Gonzalez R. 11th March 2008. Witnesses Fear Retribution from Gang Members. Star News Pasadena, CA.

Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) in BEOL

Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) in BEOL Tremendous research efforts are ongoing in order to implement and add further functionalities to computing compounds in CMOS chips. Thus, a challenge is imposed to compete the existing devices in terms of cost and performance. In this project, I propose a novel and low cost approach for nanocrystalline Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) based memory selector implemented in BEOL. During this thesis, the potentiality of this technology in terms of performance and production cost will be established. Targeted technological applications : Memory selector transistor One of our research group activities in 3IT consists on the development and integration of RRAM with a Complementary Resistive Switch (CRS) planar configuration in the BEOL of CMOS circuit. My research activity will focuses on memory selector fabrication needed to carry out the read operation as subsequent and complementary function. Several technological approaches have been proposed to fulfill this function with different physical concepts, such as diodes, volatile switches, nonlinear devices and transistors. (cf. figure I.1). Owing to the planar configurtion and the nanodamascence fabrication approach of RRAM, our transistor device (ncSiFET) will benefit from the process compatibility, so that it can be implemented in 3D BEOL integration and connected in serial to minimize parasitic leakage current from unselected cells during a read operation,to provide sufficient on-current for the switching of the selected cell and to prevent frequent interference operation and readout errors. The selector and the memory element should be compatible in term of scalability to enable limited leakage current from the unselected memory elements along read and write operations. The requirements for a RRAM selector present several challenges for appropriate integration in a low-cost CMOS-compatible stackable process. A low processing temperature under 400  °C must be respected to enable the compatibility with 3-D integration in BEOL. The implementation of selector devices requiring additional process steps is accompanied with large device area and power dissipation. Moreover, the selector devices can cause a decrease in the current and a slower read operation. A compatibility in terms of in terms of operation polarity (unipolar/bipolar) and switching speed between memory elements and selector devices must be established [2]. Others aspects concerning the reliability such as cycling endurance and variability should be taken in consideration. Required electrical performances A good selector needs to satisfy multiple requirements which are essentially derived from circuit performance aspect. The previously achieved on/off ratio =104 with our (ncSiFET) [3] can be an asset for memory selector applications since it is on a par with many silicon transistor based selectors [4]. This ratio should be improved up to 106, to further enable the operation of large arrays in the architecture. Moreover, a 2.5 ÃŽÂ ¼A/ÃŽÂ ¼m value as on-current in our device [3], which can be further enhanced, fits well with the range of requirement to sufficiently control the memory operation without speed restriction [5]. While threshold voltage needs to be minimized to enable the reduction of the operation leakage. These properties makes the transistor an effective selector as isolation switch and current limiter. A selector should be able to provide enough drive current as needed for SET and RESET operations of the resistive memory cell. Interestingly, a threshold switching se lector device has proved to be efficient for solving the leakage current problem with a low off current Taking all these considerations in account, one can say that (ncSiFET) device owns promising characteristics and relevant potential to be integrated in BEOL for RRAM memory selection applications. In table I.1, we present further characteristics in as speed, temperature and electrical performances that should be also taken in account during the development of our device.Comparison with technological competitor Silicon transistor based selector : The main advantages for this kind of transistors that enable self-compliance are their high ON/OFF ratio with large drive current, appropriate threshold voltage and low power consumption. However, transistor-based selectors present drawbacks in terms of large dimensions and complicated process fabrication [4]. Poly-Si material has been replaced by high quality epitaxial PN regions on crystalline Si, in order to achieve high Ion/Ioff ratio up to 108 and large on current over 10MA/cm2 beneficial for SET/ RESET operation and rectifiying ability [7], but, these unipolar configurations are not compatible with bipolar switching mode resistive memories. The NPN structure has been proposed to overcome the polarity issue with I on /I off ratio of about 4700 [8]. However, the main limit for these technologies is their high process temperature, thus, unsuitable for sub-400 à ¢- ¦C BEOL integration. Metal-oxide schottky diodes: Different compositions of met al and oxides, such as Pt/HfO 2 /ZrO 2 /TiN or Ni/TiO 2 /Ni have been proposed [6]. The conduction mechanism assumed to be based on Schottky emission at the mateal/oxide interfaces [8]. It was demonstrated that (MIM) incorporating thin oxide film can provide non-linear I-V curve. These configurations are compatible with bipolar switching and suitable with 3D-stackable BEOL integration. However, only low drive current density of about 1MA/cm2 is reached. Nonlinear devices: Considering the requirement to achieve both high current at high voltage as well as very small current corresponding to low voltages, nonlinear devices have been proposed. For all the varieties of this category presented in fig.1, the complexity of fabrication process and the material selection remain difficult challenges for large area production and integration [4]. Thin film transistor (TFT): As an example, RRAM (Ti/Oxide stack/Pt) connected with thin film transistor (transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor (TAOS)) architecture demonstrated good results as current limiter with a storage capability controlled by the amplitude of the TFT gate voltage [2]. The TFT as a technology benefit from the reduced temperature, relatively simple and low cost fabrication process. However, carriers mobility in the channel is the main issue that cause significant impact on the electrical properties of the resulting device. The transistor performances are severely affected by high defects density and carrier trap sites which strongly depend on the crystallinity, the quality of silicon thin film (a-Si, Poly-S or nc-Si). This is a common problematic to our ncSi chann el. (ncSiFET): Our proposed transistor technology is based on nanodamascene approach, with a nanocrystalline silicon island as a channel separated from metal S/D by a thin tunnel oxide. A proof of feasibility with promising electrical performance is already demonstrated [3]. The overall process will be performed at low temperature ( The aim of this project is to perform a cost-effective selector device compatible with our resources at 3IT. In this framework, strain effects are quite important for electronic transport in the channel, in other word, switch frequency and the reliability over time. Thus, this important aspect should be taken in account in order to establish the transistor characteristics and to fulfill the requirement for the realization and the application as a memory selector device. One of our project targets is to establish a strain method compatible with high-k/metal top gate configuration. Strained channel should be carefully designed through process conditions and device geometry. Channel residual strain effects Residual strain could be either mechanical/intrinsic during the film growth and upon technological process or thermal due the differences in expansion coefficient between materials or the auto-heating during the device operation. a) On transport properties in conductor channel For crystalline silicon channel, the strain in the channel of nanotransistor leads to the stretching of atoms bonding in silicon layer. The displacement of silicon atoms can reduces the impact of atomic forces that interfere with the electrons movement and weaken scattering phenomena allowing lower resistance and better mobility (cf. fig II.1). Charge carriers can move faster in the strained channel resulting in better conductivity and low power consumption. In fact, stress induces a change and degeneracy in the energy bands level of the silicon atoms, causing an anisotropy in effective mass of electrons. Then, light mass and minimal scattering are the main factors for better mob ility (ÃŽÂ ¼= eà Ã¢â‚¬Å¾/m*) [1]. Due to this anisotropy, the effect of strain depends on its direction with respect to the source-drain current path [2]. On the other hand, the deposition process of nSi-thin film leads to residual strain in the layer (tensile or compressive). For example, it was reported that the conductance of the amorphous material a-Si: H channel in TFT transistor increases with tensile stress while it decrease with compressive one [3].In our nc-SiFET device, channel consists on isolated nc-Si 50nm-length and less than 20nm-thick island deposited and patterned using a combination of e-beam lithography and ICP-etching process. This channel embedded in nanopattern undergo a thermal annealing and Ti metal deposition before (CMP) polishing process leading to confined island from both side of the metal nanowires. Dielectric gate layers (Si 3 N 4 ) or high-k insulator (HfO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ) can be incorporated on the top of the structure in our process followed by g ate deposition. In our project, metals materials can be deposited using evaporation or sputtering techniques, whereas, dielectric layers can be fabricated by PECVD, LPCVD, sputtering or ALD. It is worthy to note that the induced residual strain of each region strongly depend on the choice of the deposition technique, process parameters, layer thickness as well as thermal post treatment. All these process specifications strongly affect the transport properties of the channel. Hence, a careful analysis of the channel mobility based on Hall effect measurements as a function of different process specification should be addressed (figure II.2). A design of experiments would be performed jointly with the process fabrication.In this framework, several local strain techniques have been employed that can resemble our project. It was reported that shallow trench isolation technique -or box isolation technique- consisting on a sequence of trenches patterning to be filled by a deposited materia ls and removal of excess parts using CMP, creates isolation and can exert compressive stress on the channel [5]. Also, SiN capping layers on top of the gate with intrinsic stress can induce strain into MOS channels and enlarge the distance between atoms underneath the gate which enhance the electron mobility [6]. Based on these reported results, we can assume that our sequence of fabrication processes can induce further stress on the nanocrystallline silicon island channel. In order to precisely identify the effects of strain on our (ncSiFET) channel transport, we should take in account the contribution of all the steps that can take part of the channel residual strain in our process i.e nanoscale island embedded in the trench, thermal annealing, chemical mechanical polishing and the effect of capping layer stack. On conduction mechanism between the electrical contacts and active region The strain in the active layer of the channel can induce variations in terms of band gap, electrons effective mass, affinity and the density of states. It is proved that strain can cause a local band gap shrinking and a change in bands form along the channel [7]. Based on Kane model for band to band tunneling, the current is a function of band gap and effective mass change [8]. Hence, we can assume that the induced strain in our island channel can promote the conduction mechanism by direct tunneling through the potential barrier lowering. For our structure, inducing strain in (ncSi) channel can alter the potential barrier, state density and charge population between the thin tunnel oxide / ncSi interface as well as the gate dielectric/ncSi interface in our (ncSiFET) device. The reduction of a-Si island resistivity can enhance the contact resistance between the island and Ti source and drain terminals. I.2 Deposition methods : comparison In our case, the channel is a nanodimensional island deposited in a trench. For such nano-topography, uniform thickness on non-planar surfaces with step conformal coverage, space filling and damage-free process are required. In general, the evolution of stresses in thin films is a dynamic competition between tensile and compression effects during deposition. The strain in the film depends on different criteria such as grains size, micovoids, disorder. species mobility and deposition rate. Stress varies significantly with process conditions. At 3IT, several deposition techniques are available either chemical of physical based processes. We discuss the implications of each techniques on the nanodimensional (nc-Si) island strain as well as distribution and filling aspect. LPCVD: based on heat activation at high temperature (>500 ° C). Low gas pressure reduce gas-phase reaction which lead to low deposition rate and cause particle clusters. LPCVD Si thin film are isotropic and compact, but with poor step coverage [9]. Such high temperature and low deposition rate lead to the relaxation of the ordered film and thus, the annihilation of strain effect. Thermal or e-beam evaporation: requires heating or electron bombardement of source material to reach evaporation and transform into the gaseous phase (low energy atoms ~ 0.1 eV) and then condensed and adsorbed on the substrate surface. The deposited film is characterised by poor uniformity and density with stoichiometrical problem due to the diffference in vapor pressure [9]. This process is better dedicated to thin film rather thick one, and chracterised by small strain effect at the initial stage of the growth [10]. Sputtering: employs the bombardment of a solid target by energetic particles gas ions (1 10 eV). Despite the good uniformity and stochiometry, this process gives rise to dense film with poor directionality [9]. In sputtered films, the ion bombardment of the surface at the initial stage of the film growth may lead to high strain aspect consisting on quite large compressive stresses where a tendency of film edges expansion is contracted back by the substrate [11]. PECVD: species decomposition can be carried out at lower temperatures (around 300  ° C) with high deposition rates and energetic species with high sticking coefficient. This process provides good film quality with conformal aspect and good step coverage [9]. The resulting film at such low temperature and high deposition rate is prevented from relaxation and remains in strain, unlike high temperature process. Moreover, similar to sputtering technique ion bombardement may lead to further strain. The lack of surface diffusion may induce a high voids concentration which induce further strain in the film [10]. The interaction of atoms in the channel amorphous silicon film creates tensile strain, whereas the insertion of atoms causes compressive stresses [12]. Taking all the mentionned specifications, we may confirm the potential of PECVD technique to fabricate for nanodimensional ncSi channel island in nanotrench with interesting strain characteristics. In order to fulfill the cost and performance requirements of (ncSiFET) transistor for memory selector application (vs state of the art), process development and device improvement are demanded. In this project, we pay special attention to physical dimensions and materials properties that determine the characteristics of our devices. Improvements of (ncSiFET) transistor Ces reponses sont a relier avec l opti;isation deja evoque a la question2 Before citing the general strategy for device improvements, we present in figure III.1 the proposed structure accompagned with an overview about the electrical characteristics of (ncSiFET) transistor. *Channel: enlarge the grains size (>80nm), minimize defects density inside the grain => optimization of a-Si deposition + RTA annealing + post-deposition H 2 plasma /Ge incorporation -form narrow channel of about ~100 nm in the range grain size, making sure to avoid the effects of the short channels => EBL patterning of 100nm-box size *Tunnel oxide: longer exposure duration up to 2 h to ambient air + annealing => more compact film with less defects and better stoichiometry *Gate dielectric: -minimize EOT and increase of Cox => implementation of high-K(~20) ALD HfO 2 -reduce defects at high-K ox/ncSi formation for plasma induced layer instead of native SiO x => N 2 pretreatment before ALD + anneal for adhesion and interface species desorption *Top gate: -minimize source/ top Al gate Loverlap =>EBL3 design +alignment *Metal S/D: less tunnel oxide consumption due to metal contact=> replacing Ti with TiN S/D sputtering + annealing for better contact resistance and ohmic contact * Minimize parasitic capacitances (Cgs, Cgd, Cp) (MIM) to enhance switching frequency (f c ) Semi-quantitative aspects *Ion: (better channel mobility, less Dit , optimized strain, lower barrier/contact resistance, better tunnel) Based on coulomb diamond measurements and comsol simulation, replacing the lateral/back gates previously adopted with 86nm SiO 2 as gate dielectric by a top gate with thinner gate dielectric 6[2]. *Ioff: We need to maintain I off range or slightly improve it with minimizing Ntrap or adopt slightly longer channel (>100nm) *S.S: (Small EOT~5nm , higher Cox , reduced gate overlap , better interfaces) An increase of gate stack capacitance Cg allows better gate modulation at low Vgs, high carriers density in the channel, leading to high performance and low power consumption. The gate dielectric capacitance is described as follow whereas the equivalent oxide thickness for high-K dielectric is expressed as. As an estimation an expression for subthreshold swing parameter is given as: Replacing the 86nm SiO 2 (K=3.9) by a 20nm HfO 2 (K~20) as gate dielectric, leads to a EOT=4.87 and an increase of C ox by a factor (~x18). Thus, S.S can reach 250mV/dec. Comparaison a-Si PECVD vs. a-Si LPCVD At 3IT, chemical deposition techniques, mainly LPCVD and PECVD are employed for silicon thin layer growth. It is important for our project to distinguish the relevant film properties, as well as, the implication on device performance for each technique. Electrical Properties In general, amorphous silicon thin films deposited by PECVD at low temperature (200-300 °C) are disordered with a defect density in the range of 1018 cm-3 and hopping based conduction mechanism. The resulting film are usually under stress due to high deposition rate and ion bombardment. Whereas, LPCVD films deposited at relatively high temperature (~600 °C) are more ordered with a lower defect density of about 1015 cm-3 and activation conduction mechanism [4]. Due to high temperature and low deposition rate a relaxation occurs in the film leading to low strain effect. Low field mobility of about 0.1-1cm2 V-1 S-1 in such amorphous material is mainly attributed to punctual defects such dangling bonds and dislocations. Different other allotropic varieties are of interest for our channel mainly polycrystalline and nanocrystalline silicon can be obtained depending on process parameters. On one hand, poly-Si consists on a network of crystalline grains randomly oriented and se parated by grains boundaries which are regions with high defects and dangling bonds concentrations. On the other hand, nc-Si film are formed by crystalline grains of nanoscale size (~ 50 nm-diameter) incorporated in an amorphous matrix with a grain crystalline fraction of up to 60% [5]. These changes in crystalline phase and microstructure imply a significant enhancement in field mobility from 50 up to 300cm2 variation of film microstructure along depth can be manifested, where the interface (nucleation phase) is formed a dominant amorphous phase or very small grains, but, as the growth evolves and the film becomes thicker, the size of the grains increases [6]. This difference in structure between the interface and the bulk of the film may have implications on electrical conduction, since carriers moving through amorphous phases, result in low mobility, whereas, the transport through the large grain give rise to high mobility (figure III.1) For our ncSi channel thin film( Impact on device performances In similar case to our ncSi channel, it was demonstrated, that the main origins of mobility degradation in poly-Si channel are Coulomb scattering due to defects inside the grain (D it ) -point defects or dislocations- or defects at the grain boundaries (Ntrap), as well as the surface roughness at the ncSi / gate oxide interface (Nit). On the one hand, defects inside the grains as the dominant limiting factor on electrons mobility control the on-current (Ion) value. On the other hand, defects at the grain boundaries (Ntrap) generate a Trap-Assisted Tunneling (TAT) mechanism in the (ncSi) channel, which degrades the off-current (Ioff) and the value of (S.S). Moreover, the traps at the interface (Nit) reduce the control of the grid which strongly affects (S.S) and (Ion) [7].

Dreams In Aboriginal Beliefs

Dreams In Aboriginal Beliefs Like other religions, Aboriginal belief includes when things were created. They believe that their Ancestral Beings created land forms and animals plants. The Aboriginal word for this Creation Period varies according to each linguistic region throughout Australia. Aboriginal people often interpret dreams as being the memory of things that happened in this Creation Period. Dreams are important to Aboriginal people as it is a time when they are transformed back to their ancestral time. This connection of dreams to to the Creation Period has led to the commonly used term The Dreamtime to describe the time of creation in Aboriginal religion. The Dreamtime does not mean that a person is dreaming but it is a reference to the Creation Period. Definition of Dreaming The Dreamtime, or the Dreaming as it is sometimes referred to as, has no beginning or end but links the past with the present to determine the future. Dreaming stories explain the truth from the past together with a Code of Law for the present. The Dreaming or Tjukurrpa also means to see and understand the law as translated from the Arrernte language. Dreaming stories pass on important knowledge, cultural values and belief systems to later generations. Aborigines have maintained a link with the Dreaming from ancient times by expressing dreaming stories through song, dance, painting and story telling. Every part of Aboriginal culture is full of legends and beings associated with the Dreamtime. Each tribe has many stories, often containing a moral or a lesson to be learned, about duties, animals, plants and other beings. These stories are told to children, talked about campfires, and are sung and acted out during ceremonies. The Dreaming means our identity as people. The cultural teaching and everything thats part of our lives here you know? .. its the understanding of what we have around us. (Merv Penrith Elder, Wallaga Lake, 1996) Today we know where the Ancestral Beings have been and where they came to rest. The Dreaming explains how people came to Australia and the links between the groups throughout Australia. Connection between Dreaming, Land and Identity In essence, the Dreaming comes from the land. In Aboriginal society people do not own land but rather the land is part of them and it is their duty to respect and look after the land. The Dreaming did not cease when the Europeans arrived in Australia but just entered a different phase. Dreaming stories connect theories of occupation to the Aborigines close relationship with the land. This is often described by Aboriginal people when they talk about the land as my Mother. Aboriginal people believe that the same spirits who created the land, sea, waterways and life are involved with the conception and birth of a child. There is a direct link between Ancestral Beings and life. Land is fundamental to the well-being of Aboriginal people. For Aborigines the land is not just rocks or soil or minerals but it is the whole environment that sustains the people and is sustained by the people and culture. For Aboriginal people the land is the centre of all spirituality. This relationship between the land and the people continues to be central to the issues that are important to Aboriginal people today. Australian Aborigines were originally hunters and gathers with each clan or tribe having its own territory from which they gathered all they needed to live. These territories or traditional lands were contained by geographic boundaries such as rivers, lakes and mountains. Aboriginal people understood and cared for the different environments and adapted to them. Example of a Dreaming Creation story and significance to Aboriginal people Once the Ancestor Beings had created the world they changed the stars, rocks, watering holes and other objects into sacred places. These sacred places have special properties. The Ancestral Beings did not disappear at the end of the Dreaming but, according to Aboriginal belief, they remained in these sacred places. This concept of the presence of the Ancestral Beings with the land reinforces the idea that the Dreaming is never ending and links the past and the present, the people and the land. Our story is in the land . it is written in those sacred places . My children will look after those places. Thats the law. (Bill Neidjie, Kakadu Elder) The Creation or Dreaming stories, which relate the travels of the spiritual ancestors, are integral to Aboriginal spirituality. Mens and womens stories are often separated in Aboriginal culture. Knowledge of the law and Dreaming stories is passed on at different periods of life for Aboriginal people. The serpent as a Creation Being is perhaps the oldest continuing religious belief in the world. It dates back several thousand years. The Rainbow Serpent is part of Dreamtime stories of many Aboriginal nations and is always linked with watercourses such as billabongs, rivers, creeks and lagoons. The Rainbow Serpent is the protector of the land, its people and the source of all life. However, the Rainbow Serpent can also be a force that destroys if it is not respected. The most common version of the Rainbow Serpent story relates that during the Dreaming the world was flat, bare and cold. The Rainbow Serpent slept under the ground with all the animals tribes in her belly waiting to be born. When the time came she pushed up and called all the animals to come from their sleep. She pushed the land out, making rivers and lakes. She made the sun, the fire and all the colours. The Gagudju people believe the Rainbow Serpent was called Almudji and was a major creature being. It made passages through rocks and created waterholes. Today they believe, Almudji is still a creator as it brings the wet season each year. This causes all forms of life to multiply and it appears in the sky as a rainbow. However, they also believe that Almudji is also to be feared as he can punish anyone who breaks the law by drowning them in floods. The Gagudju people still believe that Almudji lives in a pool under a waterfall. The Jowoyn people of the Katherine Gorge area of the Northern Territory relate how the Rainbow Serpent slept under the ground until she awoke in the Dreaming. She pushed her way to the surface and travelled the land, sleeping when she was tired. She left behind her winding tracks and the imprint of her sleeping body on the ground. When she had finished travelling the earth she returned and called all the frogs to come out but they were slow because their bellies were full of water. The Rainbow Serpent tickled their bellies and when they laughed, water flowed out their mouths and filled the tracks and hollows left by the Rainbow Serpent, so creating rivers and lakes. This woke all the animals and plants who then followed the Rainbow Serpent across the land. Traditional Aboriginal rituals and significance of these to Aboriginal people Ceremonial ceremonies are seen as the core of cultural life for Aboriginal people. Small ceremonies, or rituals, are still practised in some remote areas of Australia. These rituals take the form of chanting, singing, dancing or ritual action to ask the Ancestral Beings to ensure a good supply of food or rain. The most important ceremonies are connected to initiation of boys and girls into adulthood. These ceremonies can last for weeks with nightly singing and dancing, story telling and use of body decorations and ceremonial objects. During the ceremonies, songs and dances about Ancestral Beings are told. Some of these are for women and children to see and hear while others are restricted just to initiates to learn. Another important ritual is on the death of a person. Aboriginal people cover their bodies with white paint, cut themselves to show sorrow for the loss of their loved one and take part in a number of rituals, songs and dances to help the persons spirit leave and return to its birth place where it can be reborn. Burial rites differ throughout Australia. People are buried in parts of southern and central Australia but have a different burial in northern Australia. In northern Australia a burial has two stages with each accompanied by ritual and ceremony. The primary burial takes place when the body is placed on a raised wooden platform, covered with leaves and branches and left for several months so the flesh rots from the bones. The secondary burial occurs when the bones are collected, painted with red ochre and then scattered in different ways. Sometimes a relative will carry some of the bones with them for a year or more. Sometimes they are wrapped in paperbark and placed in a cave. In parts of Arnhem Land the bones are placed in a large hollow log and left in the bush. Conclusion All parts of Aboriginal culture contain many legends and beings associated with the Creation Period or Dreamtime. Each tribe has its own stories, often with a lesson to be learned from the story, about the Creation Period spirits, animals, plants and other beings. These stories are told to children and at different ceremonies throughout the life of an Aborigine to ensure that the Dreamtime is passed on to each generation.

Vouchers and School Choice - First Step Towards a Discriminatory Educa

School Vouchers:Â   The First Step Towards a Discriminatory Educational System On November 9, 1998, Jennifer Marshall, Education Policy Analyst for the Family Research Council, declared in a press statement: "Parental choice in education just got a green light from the Supreme Court." Her statement came as a response to the decision made the same day by the Supreme Court to deny a petition for a writ of certiorari in Jackson v. Benton, a case in Wisconsin which challenges the constitutionality of vouchers in public education. By refusing to take this case, the Supreme Court lets a decision made in the state supreme court stand, in which the court upheld the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program as constitutional. The United States Supreme Court voted almost unanimously to deny cert, indicating either that they agree with the Wisconsin court's decision or that the case is not worthy of their time or consideration, or both. (Neither the lone dissenter, Justice Stephen Breyer, nor the 8-justice majority released any explanations of their actions.) Legally, their choic e not to hear the case sends a passive but clear message: vouchers in public schools are valid under the Constitution of the United States. However, questions remain surrounding the particulars of the Wisconsin program, as well as the larger questions over the concept of vouchers in general. One that is raised is: Can the government in good faith sanction the removal of children from the public schools, at its own expense and at the expense of the children who remain in those public schools? The Court has been strangely inconsistent in its treatment of voucher cases. In 1973, The Court found that vouchers for religious schools violated the establishment clause, but ... ...The reasons given for extant voucher programs are admirable; what decent-minded society could object to giving disadvantaged students a greater chance? The fundamental problem with voucher programs is that they only treat the symptom, and in the process create a whole new community of disadvantaged children. By refusing to review Jackson v. Benton, the Supreme Court is simply ignoring a question the justices will soon be forced to answer: do voucher programs violate the Constitution on grounds other than the separation of church and state? It is a question they will have to consider thoroughly for its ideological, sociological, and political implications. A vote in favor of voucher programs will give the go-ahead to a construction that could lead to nothing more than an educational model of residential urban sprawl, separating the desirables from the undesirables.

Networking Computers :: Technology Business

There are many kinds of networks, however this paper will be about networking computers. As we move further and further into the paperless society, the need for people to be connected and able to exchange data just as fast as they could by handing a paper to someone increases. This can be accomplished by having a group of computers connected by a network, so that as soon as data is entered into one computer, it can be immediately accessed by someone else on a connected computer, no matter how far away it may be (though usually it is in the same building). There is much work involved in this and it in includes a lot of math, from equations to basic problems. This report will be based around the mathematical aspects of setting up a network.The first mathematical question in setting up a network is very basic. How many computers will be connected to this network and how many guest computers might come on at one time is the question. An example of a guest computer is if someone brought a laptop and connected it for a short while to download or access data. To find the answer to the question, simply count the desktop computers that will be connected and how many guest computers you expect to be connected at one time. The second mathematical problem that occurs is best solved using an algebraic equation. Let x=the amount of desktop computers that will always be connected, y=the amount of guest computers that you expect to be connected at one time. So, the equation is: x+y+1. The one added on the end of the equation is another guest file just to make sure you don't fall short. So, this tells you how many files you need to create. The guest files will all be generically named so that all guests have the same access privileges, and all the permanent computers will have their own named file so they can have more personalized access privileges. These files are put on one main computer, the server. This controls all access privileges and any data put into a computer branching off from it in it's network can be accessed from this all-powerful server computer. The previously stated problems are a large part of networking, although I couldn't possibly tell about all the math involved without going on for another 3 or 4 pages.

Premodern Religion

Paul Lambert Hum 251 Professor Horten 9 / 26 / 2012 The Facade of Pre-Modern Religion During the pre-modern age there was perhaps no larger an aspect of everyday life than religion. Today’s day and age is a stark contrast, as religion has for the most part taken a backseat in importance. From the pre-modern age to now, religion has changed completely. Pre-modern religion held political power locally, and all across Europe. Today religion holds a mostly spiritual power for the truly devout.This essay will discover the role and importance that religion played in the pre-modern age, and how it permeated the lives of those living in it. In pre-modern times there wasn’t a diverse society like the one we currently live in. In the pre-modern age everybody had their own role in the community. In this feudal society, there was very little opportunity for advancement. Because of the lack of education at this time people only had a few skills, which they would put to use to make a living. Most people were farmers who worked the land most of their lives to provide food for their village, and family.There were others that had specialty skills, who may have been a blacksmith, or a shoe maker; but what they all had in common was that they were all hard workers, who had hard lives. In a pre-modern village the noble family, or the wealthiest families, would have presided over the village. These nobles would have essentially ruled over the villages and made sure things ran smoothly. About the only chance of becoming something other than a craftsman, or farmer, was to be born into one of these noble families.If you were privileged you could become a knight, but many of these people would become clergy. These clergy were one of the biggest aspects of the pre-modern society. Each village had a church, and that church was the main center of community life. The priests or clergymen were at the center of this as well. The clergy played the role of intermediary to God. Th ese men were also some of the only educated people around, although their education may have been still somewhat limited. In addition to the church, the clergy would have run the monastery.Monasteries were multifaceted facilities where the sick in the community could be cared for, the poor fed, and where monks would have studied, and also made copies of books. Clergy would have been at the head of religious ceremonies, as we saw in â€Å"The Return of Martin Guerre,† where at his marriage the priest performs the actual marriage ceremony; along with blessing of the bride and groom so that they may be fertile and produce many children. The largest role that clergy would have played though would have been as the spiritual leader of the community.One of the biggest differences between religion in pre-modern times and today was the public nature of personal religious faith. Today our own personal religious beliefs are usually kept to yourself, unless you are talking with someone c lose to you, or are having a theological discussion. In pre-modern life everyone was religious, and your religious beliefs were a public matter. At a time when the mass public is so vastly uneducated, the need for counsel with clergy was in high demand.As we read in the book â€Å"Year of Wonders,† the local clergyman, Michael Mompellion, from the beginning of the book, because of his role of clergy, is always being asked for help. In the beginning of the book Anna has to work hard to keep Miss Bradford from bursting into the rectory to seek out the counsel of the Rector, Mompellion. Until the end of the book when we see Mompellion’s true colors show through, he does seem like a very good, level headed, leader for the community.Although his actual holiness may have been more of an act, due to some of his strange actions throughout the book; it seems that the village may not have made it through the plague without his leadership, both spiritual and actual. Michael Mompe llion is the one who first suggests that the village must quarantine themselves to prevent the spread of the plague to other villages. He is the one who stands up to the wealthy Bradford family, warning them of the potential for spreading the plague if they leave the village.In this confrontation Mompellion is shown to have the best interests of not only the village, but others surrounding by stating â€Å"but think of those you are putting at risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (110). This is in stark contrast to Colonel Bradford whose family is looked up to in the village doesn’t take the responsibility of staying and setting an example for the rest of them. Colonel Bradford clearly states his main concern, â€Å"The colonel replied coldly. â€Å"I am merely doing what any man of means and sense must do: safeguarding what is mine. †(110).Mompellion is also shown to give tremendous spiritual leadership. Mompellion in his sermon to the village; embraces the plague, as a test from God . He implores the village to view the plague in the same way. Mompellion states that the plague has brought God nearer to the village than ever before, and perhaps as close as he will ever come in all of their lives. Mompellion tests their faith in God here, and even though most of the villagers stay, their behavior afterwards is less than holy. Throughout the book Anna and Elinor Mompellion tend to the needs of the villagers.The two help with births, and when villagers begin to fall ill, they tend to them until death; and Michael Mompellion tends to their spiritual needs. Michael Mompellion is never cast in the holiest of holies light from the beginning. In the first interaction we see him in he tells Miss Bradford to go to hell. Mompellion also takes advantage of vulnerable Anna towards the end of the book after his wife is murdered, and sleeps with her. Mompellion is seen taking advantage of his position in the community; even what relatively small power he does have, which is ve ry small compared to the Catholic Church of the time.The Catholic Church played probably the biggest role in religion in the pre-modern age. At the head of this church was the Pope. In the Catholic Church the Pope acted as a king. Cardinals came second in the hierarchy. The power of the Catholic Church saturated the pre-modern day. Although Europe was still made up of many different countries, the Catholic Church essentially over powered the political will of any one country. The Pope especially had an almost unlimited power both politically and religiously. The role of the Pope was to act as an intermediary to God on earth.This led to the uneducated pre-modern people of the time to blindly follow most if not all commands that came from the Pope. In addition to having the power of a king, the Pope pursued power and wealth as if he were one. Over time the Catholic Church amassed land and wealth. The Pope was anything but holy by taking advantage of his perceived power of intermediary to God. The Catholic Church furthered their power over the pre-modern people by perpetuating a view of God as a brutal enforcer, who dealt out punishment for sin with very little mercy.The church emphasized fearing God. This kept the people obeying the rule of the church, and the Pope. This rule continued for the most part until the reformation. At this time large gothic cathedrals began to be built. These churches were very tall, with thick stone walls, and large stained glass windows. The cathedrals were designed to give the pre-modern people a sense of the presence of God inside, and a sense of the power and majesty of the Catholic Church by the sheer size on the outside.Religion played a major role in the lives of pre-modern people in Europe. For whatever reason it may have been; fear of the Catholic Church, or excommunication, a desire to fit in, or just plain old true belief. I believe it was a little bit of all of those factors. But the role of religion in pre-modern life di d have several key functions for those clergy in power. It allowed them to be an inspiration to the people they overlooked. In the case of Michael Mompellion, he was the one who kept the cool head in the face of impending danger.That religious power was also easy to take advantage of, and led to the search for more wealth, land, and political power. By using the people’s belief that the Pope was really chosen by God as his voice on earth, the Catholic Church was able to hide behind their religious office, and make people think they were doing good, when in fact it was only a facade. Works Cited Vigne, Daniel, dir. Le Retour de Martin Guerre. 1982. Film. 11 Sep 2012. Brooks, Geraldine. Year of Wonders. New York: Viking Penguin, 2001. Print. Horten, Gerd. â€Å"Pre-Modern Age . † Concordia University, Portland. 9/5-14/2012. Lecture.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Margaret floy Washburn was a strong intellectual woman, the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, was born on July 25th in Harlem in New York City to parents who strongly encouraged intellectual pursuits. Washburn was notably a teacher, however she worked in many areas of psychology and it well-known for her contributions in theory development (including her motor theory), experimental work, animal behavior and professional service. Besides publishing over 200 scientific articles and reviews, she translated Wundt's Ethical Systems, 1897, and wrote two books: The Animal Mind, 1908; and Movement and Mental Imagery, 1916. Between 1905 and 1938, she published sixty-eight studies from the Vassar Psychological Laboratory-an undergraduate laboratory with 117 students as joint authors. The summers of 1913-1917 she taught psychology in the summer sessions at Columbia University; the spring of 1928 when, on her only sabbatical leave, she took a Mediterranean cruise; and the summers of 1929 and 1932 during which she traveled to England and Copenhagen. She was cooperating editor of the Psychological Bulletin, 1909-1915; associate editor of the Journal of Animal Behavior, 1911-1917; advisory editor of the Psychological Review, 1916-1930; and associate editor of the Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1921-1935. In 1921, she was president of the American Psychological Association; that same year, she was awarded a prize of $500 by the Edison Phonograph Company for the best research on the effects of music–a study of â€Å"The Emotional Effects of Instrumental Music† in collaboration with a colleague in the Department of Music at Vassar. In 1932, she was the U.S. delegate to the International Congress of Psychology in Copenhagen.

Learner Analysis Essay

Background Summary Flight nurse’s and Flight Paramedics perform as members of an aeromedical crew on helicopters (rotor wing), and airplanes (fixed wing) aircraft, providing for in-flight management and care for all types and ages of patients. Responsibilities of this job include the planning and preparation of each flight, to include such things as; safety, evaluation of an individual patient’s in-flight needs and request of appropriate medications, supplies, and equipment to provide continuing care from origination to the destination facility. They act as liaisons between facilities during an interfacility transport and from scene location to trauma center during medical and trauma related emergencies. They also initiate emergency treatment in the absence of a physician during in-flight medical emergencies. Flight nurses and flight paramedics have training in mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic support, vasoactive medications, airway, and other intensive care skills. Most air medical businesses expect nurses to have at least 2 to 5 years of experience in emergency or critical care units, and the more trauma experience, the better (flightnursetraining.com). This means nurses that have a proven ability to manage multiple patients with vastly different conditions, as well as being able to make split-second decisions about patient care with maximum attention to patient care and safety. Flight paramedics are expected to have a minimum of three years current experience as a paramedic on an advanced life support team and/or critical care transport team. Both of these roles may have to tend to multiple critical cases all at once, so it is important that he or she have the skills to cope with high stress situations. Even though those hired into the role of a flight nurse and flight paramedic come into the role with a core background in critical care and expected level of baseline knowledge,  higher level of autonomous critical thinking and rapid decisio n making is a new skill encountered for many coming into this role. A well-structured training program is an integral part of laying a strong foundation to build the necessary knowledge base needed to assure both a flight nurse and flight paramedic are prepared to perform in their role as a crew chief. Approximately six years ago a well-structured crew chief training program was in place that allowed for consistent and structured learning that allowed all crew member 2 (CM2) to obtain the necessary skills and knowledge expected to hold a position of crew chief. These modules covered areas of navigation, communications, safety, aviation, critical thinking; and incorporated reading material, practical exercises, quizzes and tests which the CM2 worked through in a systematic process. At the completion of the training module; the crew member then went through a question answer board (QAB) process. In the QAB, the crew member was asked a series of questions by a board consisting of a crew chief, clinical manager, pilot, medical director and given multiple scenarios. If the QAB was completed successfully the CM2 then advanced to status of a crew chief. Current State of Problem Currently a structured training program that assures all flight nurses and flight paramedics obtain this baseline level of knowledge that is expected of those in the crew chief role does not exist. The current practice is the assumption that all CM2’s obtain the skills and knowledge necessary by reaching their seventy fifth patient transport. This training plan does not allow for the structured delivery of expected skills and knowledge nor does it allow for a baseline competency to be demonstrated before being promoted from CM2 to crew chief. The current process was put into place to meet the increased demand for staffing experience by the company during a rapid growth period where eight bases turned into sixteen in four years. This current process put into place at this time did allow for rapid streamlined training of new staff; but it failed to take into account quality over quantity. This new process has resulted in CM2’s being promoted to the level of a crew chief w ithout the necessary knowledge that is expected of this role as determined by the management. Goal State All crew members at CM2 status go through a structured crew chief training program. This training will allow for the delivery of consistent, well-structured necessary skills and knowledge. A well-structured training program will assure that all flight crew who obtain crew chief status will have obtained the same base of knowledge and will have all demonstrated the same level of desired competence. Learner Analysis Demographic Information The instructional setting is primarily on the job training; information gained through the live patient care transport environment via ground, rotor or fixed wing aircraft. Nurses and paramedics work as partners in patient transport. This team configuration can be two nurses, or one nurse and one paramedic; but at all times one team member must be a nurse. The third person at the base is the pilot in command, who does not provide any patient care but does and can assist in aviation and safety training. These teams are on shift; stationed at their assigned base for a 24 hour period of time; where training through simulations, reading, and discussions will occur during non-patient transport times. There are 16 bases in the company; located in California, Texas and Oregon. There are 8 full time medical crew assigned to each base and an additional 2-3 part time staff at each base. Age of paramedics and nurses range from 27-61. English is native language spoken by all medical crew members. Educational levels in addition to holding an accredited paramedic license or registered nurse license are ranging from associate degree to doctorate. All Registered nurses in the capacity have received specialized training in critical care, trauma and hold specialized certificates in these areas. All paramedics in this capacity have also obtained additional critical care related training and certificates. Both the nurses and the paramedics receiving the crew chief training have been employed with this company in the flight role for a minimum of 1 year and have obtained the CM2 status. The content area is focused on five areas; to include aviation, safety, communications, navigation, and critical thinking. All medical crew have obtained the basic level of training in these areas have been deemed CM2 which puts them at â€Å"novice† status which deems them competent to s afely complete patient transports. The crew chief level of training is aimed at bringing crew  members from novice to expert level. Prior Knowledge Prior knowledge of all who will receive the crew chief training are those who are at the current CM2 level. They have been working in the capacity as flight nurses or flight paramedics at this company for a minimum of 1 year and have been on at least 75 patient transports. 25% of the total crew members have prior experience working as Flight Nurses or Flight Paramedics at another company; 10% of the flight paramedics have prior flight crew experience through the military prior to coming to this company. Those crew members who achieved crew chief status per the current model will be given a baseline written assessment and go through a crew chief QAB. Those who pass these two items will remain at the status of crew chief; and those who do not pass these assessments will complete a bridge crew chief training program, focusing on those areas of the training they did not pass during their assessments. A written assessment and QAB will be repeated at the conclusion of the bridge training. All crew members surveyed have positive feedback regarding this proposed process. Entry Skills Required Entry level skills required to the crew chief training is to be a CM2 and to have successfully passed the CM2 questions answer board. Successful completion of CM2 training demonstrates successful objectives completed as stated in the CM2 training. In addition to CM2 status; all crew members must have obtained a national certification. National certifications the nurses may obtain are critical care registered nurse (CCRN), care flight critical nurse (CFRN), or certified emergency nurse (CEN). These are each a 100-150 questions tests that are scheduled to be taken at independent test centers as determined by the certifying agencies. The CM2 must also be in good standing with the company; meaning no disciplinary actions in the crew members personal file in the previous six months. Attitudes and Motivation The majority of the flight nurses and flight paramedics are very driven; intense people with a high desire to obtain the crew chief status. Primary motivation comes from the desire to obtain the title status of â€Å"crew chief† and the increased pay rate of 5% per hour. Secondary motivation is the drive that comes from internal motivation to achieve additional training to  reach expert level knowledge in this field. Current attitudes towards training are positive with an overwhelmingly stated desire to have a more structured training program; with higher standards and rigor needed to become a crew chief. Based on the annual employee survey; one of the indicators as stated by employees to improve morale is for a more structured and rigorous crew chief training program. Unique Characteristics and Learning Styles The majority (70%) of the learners described themselves as learning best through â€Å"doing.† Those who stated they learn better through hands-on and learning state reading, watching or hearing the learning material is helpful if they can then have additional hands-on training through simulations or live on-the-job situational experiences. Another 40% of learners said they were not sure how they learned best; but felt having access to the material in writing or reading to be studied was very helpful. All learners wanted tangible resources available such as protocols, standard operating procedures, drug calculators, and other tools that could be obtained through electronic means such as their phones or IPADS; to be accessed as needed during simulated training and live patient transports. According to Kolbs Adult Learning Styles; adults have four distinct ways of preferred ways for examining, analyzing and integrating new knowledge. Converging (doing and thinking), diverging (f eeling and watching), Assimilating (watching and thinking) and Accommodating (doing and feeling). In the VARK model; Neil D Fleming described the primary ways adults acquire new knowledge; the preferred learning styles. In this VARK model; 41% are kinesthetic learners, 16% visual, 25% auditory and 18% readers. Crew member feedback of preferred learning styles and research based evidence regarding preferred adult learning styles appear to correlate. This will allow support from management to build a new crew chief training program that will be based in the delivery methods that will allow consumption of material to be presented through the desired learning styles of adult learners. Unique characteristics of this group of learners is their collective attitudes and internal drive to desire a more rigorous and structured training program with an extreme minority of the crew members desiring to hold title of crew chief without demonstration of knowledge and skills required. It will be  important to build a training program that accommodates all of the stated learning styles so as to use the crew member’s desire for the training to have a product that matches in quality and desired outcome of trainees. Accommodations According to Gregg, Talbert and Lentz (1999),†An appropriately selected instructional accommodations not only provides equal awareness to learning opportunities but also minimizes the learner’s likelihood of failure. Appropriate educational accommodations are determined by taking into account the adult’s unique leaning needs.† All crew members have demonstrated a prerequisite knowledge required to begin this training through successful completion of the CM2 training. All learners are primary English language learners without physical disabilities; as this is a requirement to obtain the role of flight nurse or flight paramedic in this company. The accommodations that should be considered for this training program is one that utilizes all learning styles to ensure the best possible success by all those beginning the training program. Performance Context Managerial Support Learners can expect full organizational support in the training process. One of the top goals of the organization as identified in their â€Å"Strengthen from Within Plan† is to re-build and strengthen a training strategy that will allow for employees to have a structured, well planned out, standardized training program. Employees have overwhelmingly voiced concern in the area of clinical training with regards to the crew chief training in the annual employee survey and through the Best of Practice Suggestion Forum. Management has acknowledged the priority of a structured crew chief training process lost priority in recent years; stating it has been likely to the rapid growth experienced by the company in the last 5 years and with this comes a need to recruit employees bring them to novice status in order to staff new bases. This has caused an oversight in strengthening crew chief training which brings employees to that of expert level in the field. Management has also acknowledged that current process that was put into place approximately 6 years ago; which brings a CM2 to crew chief status via a CM2 completing 75 patient transports and obtaining a national  certification has fallen short of hopes and expectations for this modality of crew chief training. All management are in agreement a more structured training program is needed. All would agree that the skills learned through a structured crew chief training program bring medical flight crew members from a novice to an expert level which translates to superior patient care, superior customer service, which lead to strengthening of the company as a whole. Physical Aspects of the Site The crew chief training takes skills learned by flight crew members during their CM2 training program and adds depth, strengthens critical thinking and problem solving processes and brings a CM2 at novice level up to crew chief which is considered expert level. This training will take place while the crew member is on shift. Training will occur via reading material, videos, discussion with preceptor, clinical manager and base manager, scenarios through case studies and live demonstration during patient transport. The CM2 will be required to complete a written test and sit on a QAB at the end of the crew chief training Process. All required training materials and equipment will be available at each of the 16 bases in the company. Base managers and clinical managers will work with the preceptors to assure all materials and equipment will be kept at each base, kept current with what is being used in live environment and kept in working order. Social Aspects of the Site In the performance setting, medical crew members work in teams. The teams always consist of two nurses, or one nurse and one paramedic. The third team member is the pilot; who are not involved directly in the patient care. Medical crew member’s work in team’s independent of direct supervision of a supervisor. Supervisors such as clinical managers, base managers and a medical director are always available by phone 24 hours a day 7 days a week as needed by the medical crews. The skills obtained in the Crew Chief training will not be being utilized by the medical crews for the first time. Many of these skills learned will have already been used by the crew members in the crew chief training; as much of the training had already been presented to some degree during the CM2 training. It is possible that some patient care skills learned by CM2 and again as crew chiefs will have only  been completed on mannequins in simulations and not on live patients until that patient condition presents itself. These skills are referred to as â€Å"infrequently used skills† and are practiced routinely by all medical crew members in the company. Those receiving initial first time skills and knowledge in their role are the crew member 1 (CM1) team members who are gaining the on-the-job training needed to achieve CM2 status. In these instances; a CM1 is always assigned into a work partnership with another crew member who is at least at the CM2 status. Relevance of Skills to Workplace All skills learned in the training will relate directly to all skills utilized in the actual workplace. There are not current perceived physical, social or motivational constraints. Crew members are highly motivated to have structured crew chief training due to the relationship between skills learned and skills used in work environment. High motivation also exists due to the desired status achievement of crew chief and due to the increased monetary stipend received. References Fleming, N.D. and Mills, C. (1992), Not Another Inventory, Rather a Catalyst for Reflection, To Improve the Academy, Vol. 11, 1992., page 137. Flight Nurse Training. (n.d.). Flight Nurse Training. Retrieved May 8, 2014, from http://www.flightnursetraining.com Suggested Considerations Regarding Accommodations. (1999, January 1). Suggested Considerations Regarding Accommodations. Retrieved May 8, 2014, from http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/7.1/coverweb/grover_hendricks/accommodations.htm Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). . Retrieved May 8, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Workplace Training and Education: Adult Learning Styles. (2013, January 1). Workplace Training and Education: Adult Learning Styles. Retrieved May 8, 2014, from http://tribehr.com/blog/workplace-training-and-education-adult-learning-styles/